Final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final project - Essay Example The main conditions found in comorbidity to MDD includes Obsessive Compulsive disorder,Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Panic Disorders. (Kessler,1996) Currently the treatment of MDD is centred around the selective serotonin reuptake receptor inhibitors (SSRI). This is based on the fact the main mood elevator neurotransmitter of our body and found at synaptic junctions are actively reuptake so the availibilty of serotonin at the synapse decreases, reducing the mood and causing depression. SSRIs inhibits this uptake by inhibiting the reuptake receptors of serotonin in the presynaptic regions found in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmentum area and hence causing mood elevations. Although antidepressant medications are often prescribed to people with MDD, it is estimated that 20-40% of depressed people do not benefit from taking medication ( Kirsch 2008,Hays,1995)).Apart from the efficacy these medications can also cause side effects like drying of mouth, insomnia and others amongst the few. Thus, researchers are developing other possible ways to reduce depressive symptoms. One such depression treatment alternative to medication is the transcranial magnetic stimulation or TMS. Briefly, TMS treatment involves placing a coil on the scalp surface and passing a current through it (the exact details of the strength and rate of the current are beyond our purposes). When the current passes into neural tissue it affects the way the neurons operate, in a therapeutic way. Objective and Aim of the Study We wanted to analyze whether the TMS approach is effective in reduction of the episodes of depression from the baseline levels at the end of week 4 in the major depressive disorder patients. Methodology The study was conducted across multiple sites but the procedures were the same across locations. The sites involved were Florida, Oregon, and Washington. Across locations, participants with a history of antidepressant-resistant MDD were randomly assigned to either a n active or a sham TMS condition. In the active condition, participants were actually given the TMS treatment. In the sham condition, participants were not given the TMS treatment but went through a similar procedure in each session (e.g., they came in for sessions in which a coil was placed on their heads but no current was run through it). So the sham condition was considered to be a type of placebo treatment. This was done to minimize the treatment limited bias of the study. The study was run double-blind so that neither the participant nor the assistant running the session was aware of which condition the participant was in. Thus the experimental design of the study was a randomized, multicentric, placebo controlled double blind study. This design definitely was important to give the way for a powerful analysis. The MADRS scores which is the set of scores that signifies the extent of depression of various parameters were analyzed to give a final depression score. The convention is, more the MADRS scores more is the depression and vice versa. Thus the results were analyzed by comparing the MADRS scores at baseline and at 4 weeks after the TMS treatments were implemented to see the effect of that approach on MDD patients. Statistical analysis was carried out through SPSS software and paired sample t test was carried to find out the levels of significance. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results We analyzed findings on 4 questions to reach a conclusion. Q1.Ignoring the TMS condition and

Issues in Contemporary Management-Critical Discussion of Management Essay

Issues in Contemporary Management-Critical Discussion of Management Processes, Ethics, and Globalization - Essay Example e giant outlet commanding 31% of the total market turnover has been the recent victim of public criticism after revelations that since it began operations in the country, it had been avoiding tax payments to authorities, only paying 8.6 million despite generating 3 billion in revenues. Tax avoidance is an ethical issue as well as a national and global issue for a company that has its operations in many countries such as Starbucks. For close to 15 years, the coffee giant in the United Kingdom had been avoiding remitting taxes by reporting losses, only reporting profits in a single year. The company has been in operation in the country since the year 1998, with 700 outlets. There are various reasons why companies pay taxes to the authorities. While it is a legal obligation of the company, it is an ethical issue of portraying a good corporate image for the company (Rosser, Murray, 2010, p. 21). Closure of business is imminent by the authorities if the company is found to have evaded tax. Although it is legal to avoid paying taxes, criticism and loss of business for the company is quite possible in case the public decides not purchase products by the company. When David Cameron revealed to the public that Starbucks had not been paying taxes for the 15 years it had operated in the country, angry protestors demonstrated outside its outlets accusing the company being un-loyal to the country. Regardless of its origin being in America, the public expects the company to pay taxes to the UK authorities. To the public, any company should undertake this ethical practice so long as they buy their products. Starbucks risks loss of business from the public by failure to pay taxes. Physical demonstrations could turn to economic to the extent of the public choosing not to purchase the products. Governments are keen in payment of taxes by the companies operating in their jurisdictions (Great Britain, 2011, p. 14). The issue of Starbucks became a political problem to the point of